Vojenské Rozhledy

Czech Military Review

Vojenské rozhledy / Czech Military Review Nr. 4/2022: 81-102

Cesta k Buče: Organizační praktiky ruské armády a násilí na civilistechRecenzované - Přehledový

Tomáš Kučera

Masakr v Buče vyvolává otázku, zda ruská armáda předurčuje své vojáky k protiprávnímu násilí na civilistech? Tento článek vychází z předpokladu, že bez ohledu na vyšší rozkazy, pachatelé násilí musí překonat psychologické zábrany, jež si v průběhu socializace vytvořili, tzv. "morální odpoutání". Psychologický mechanismus "morálního odpoutání" na jednu stranu umožňuje vojákům legálně zabíjet v boji, na druhou stranu ale také odbourává zábrany vůči násilnému jednání na civilistech. Povinností ozbrojených sil tak je nejen připravit vojáka k boji a zabíjení, ale také již během výcviku předcházet protiprávnímu násilí. Případ ruské armády ukazuje, jak formální úsilí předcházet morálnímu odpoutání a porušování mezinárodního humanitárního práva (MHP) nedokázalo efektivně překonat překážky v podobě institucionální kultury a nedostatečného lidského kapitálu.

Klíčová slova: Mezinárodní humanitární právo; válečné zločiny; Rusko; organizační kultura; sociální psychologie.

The Path to Bucha: Organisational Practices of the Russian Army and Violence against Noncombatants

The Bucha massacre raises the question of whether the Russian army predisposes its soldiers to unlawful violence against civilians. This article assumes that regardless of superior orders, perpetrators of violence must overcome the psychological barriers developed during socialisation. The psychological mechanism of "moral disengagement" allows soldiers to kill in combat and act violently on civilians. The duty of the armed forces is not only to prepare soldiers to fight and kill but also to prevent illegal violence. The case of the Russian army demonstrates how formal activities to prevent moral disengagement and violations of the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) face insurmountable obstacles in the form of institutional culture and insufficient human capital.

Keywords: International Humanitarian Law; War Crimes; Russia; Organisational Culture; Social Psychology.

Zveřejněno: 15. prosinec 2022  Zobrazit citaci

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Kučera, T. (2022). Cesta k Buče: Organizační praktiky ruské armády a násilí na civilistech. Vojenské rozhledy / Czech Military Review, 103(4), 81-102
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