Vojenské Rozhledy

Czech Military Review

Vojenské rozhledy / Czech Military Review Nr. 1/2022: 51-70

Future Tactical Unmanned Aircraft Systems of the Czech Armed ForcesReviewed - Review

Jan Nohel, Marek Pavlačka, Petr Stodola

The article deals with the basic characteristics and tactical-technical requirements for the tactical unmanned aerial system (TUAS), which is planned to be implemented in the Czech Armed Forces in the upcoming years. Based on the results of the comparison of the Czech Armed Forces requirements with the parameters corresponding to the TUAS, the Hermes 900 and Heron systems of Israeli production appear to be the most suitable variants. Both aircrafts can represent a comprehensive solution in this area. They both have a long tradition of production, research and development and of course, they both meet the requirements for TUAS within NATO and the European traffic operations accreditation. However, the decisive selection parameter, apart from security risks and compatibility, is also the purchase price. The main goal of the article is to bring a view of the issue from a broader context and to find a possible way-out together with an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the proposed variants.

Keywords: Sensor; Weapon System; Compatibility; Autonomy; Target Identification.

Published: March 15, 2022  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Nohel, J., Pavlačka, M., & Stodola, P. (2022). Future Tactical Unmanned Aircraft Systems of the Czech Armed Forces. Czech Military Review, 103(1), 51-70
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. NATO STANAG 4670 - ATP-3.3.8.1, (Edition B, Version 1) Minimum training requirements for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operators and pilots, NATO Standardization Office, 2019. 2-2 s. Dostupné z: https://nso.nato.int/nso/nsdd/main/standards/ap-details/2678
    2. BERKA, Tomáš. Tupolev Tu-143 neboli VR-3 Rejs. valka.cz [online]. 20. 3. 2004 [cit. 2021-02-10]. Dostupné z: https://www.valka.cz/10610-Tupolev-Tu-143-neboli-VR-3-Rejs
    3. SOJKA III: BEZPILOTNÍ PRŮZKUMNÝ KOMPLET [online]. Praha: VTÚL a PVO o. z., 2004, 46 s. [cit. 2021‑6‑23]. Dostupné z: https://web.archive.org/web/20200622170657/http://lu.fme.vutbr.cz/cuav/index_soubory/prispevky/kuzdas.pdf
    4. ŠTRBÍK, Jan. Areport: Vznik 533. praporu bezpilotních systémů [online]. 2019. 10-13 s. ISSN 1211-801X. Dostupné z: https://www.mocr.army.cz/assets/multimedia-a-knihovna/casopisy/a-report/ar19_12_final.pdf
    5. ŠIŠKA, Martin. Současnost a budoucnost dronů v AČR. Czdefence [online]. 16. 12. 2019 [cit. 2021-02-10]. Dostupné z: https://www.czdefence.cz/clanek/soucasnost-a-budoucnost-First NATO AGS remotely piloted aircraft ferries to Main Operating Base in Italy. Nato.int [online]. 21. 11. 2019 [cit. 2021-02-10]. Dostupné z: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_171171.htm
    6. Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS). Nato.int [online]. 25. 1. 2021 [cit. 2021-02-10]. Dostupné z: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_48892.htm
    7. ŽELINSKÝ, Libor a David HERBER. V české armádě od ledna vznikl nový prapor bezpilotních systémů. Acr.army.cz [online]. 16. 1. 2020 [cit. 2021-02-10]. Dostupné z: https://www.acr.army.cz/informacni-servis/zpravodajstvi/v-ceske-armade-od-ledna-vznikl-novy-prapor-bezpilotnich-systemu-218687/
    8. PEŘINA, Luděk. Armáda chce koupit bojové drony za 1,5 miliardy. Dosud měla jen průzkumné. Ct24.ceskatelevize.cz [online]. 6. 10. 2020 [cit. 2021-02-10]. Dostupné z: https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/3200532-armada-chce-koupit-bojove-drony-za-15-miliardy-dosud-mela-jen-pruzkumne
    9. Koncepce výstavby Armády České republiky 2030. Praha. 2019. 30 s. Dostupné také z: https://www.acr.army.cz/images/id_40001_50000/46088/koncepce__2030.pdf
    10. Modernizační projekty AČR. Acr.army.cz [online]. 19. 6. 2018, 34 s. [cit. 2021-02-10]. Dostupné z: https://www.acr.army.cz/assets/technika-a-vyzbroj/modernizace/priloha-bez-nazvu_-01508.pdf
    11. HERNDNON, Kelsey, Franz MEYER, Emil CHERRINGTON a Leah KUCERA. What is Synthetic Aperture Radar? Earthdata.nasa.gov [online]. 16. 4. 2020 [cit. 2021-02- 10]. Dostupné z: https://earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/backgrounders/what-is-sar
    12. Grumman through 2013. Militaryaerospace.com [online]. 7. 2. 2013 [cit. 2021-02-13]. Dostupné z: https://www.militaryaerospace.com/trusted-computing/article/16716082/army-extends-support-for-uav-manhunting-radar-from-northrop-grumman-through-2013
    13. NATO STANDARDIZATION. Nato.int [online]. [cit. 2021-02-13]. Dostupné z: https://www.nato.int/structur/AC/135/50years_nato/chapters/2_standardization.htm
    14. STANAG 7023. Techstreet.com [online]. 16. 6. 2016 [cit. 2021-02-14]. Dostupné z: https://www.techstreet.com/standards/stanag-7023?product_id=1982704
    15. MONTEIRO MARQUES, Mário. STANAG 4586 - Standard Interfaces of UAV Control System (UCS) for NATO UAV Interoperability. Portugal. 9-13 s. Dostupné také z: https://www.sto.nato.int/publications/STO%20Educational%20Notes/STO-EN-SCI-271/EN-SCI-271-03.pdf
    16. GROHMANN, Jan. Stratosférické a bojové drony v Armádě ČR. ARMÁDNÍ NOVINY [online]. 20. 1. 2020 [cit. 2021-02-11]. Dostupné z: https://www.armadninoviny.cz/vyskove-a-operacni-drony-armade-cr.html
    17. Classification of the Unmanned Aerial Systems. E-education.psu.edu [online]. [cit. 2021-02-14]. Dostupné z: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog892/node/5
    18. GROHMANN, Jan. Stratosférické a bojové drony v Armádě ČR. op. cit. 2020
    19. UAV Classification Table. GlobalSecurity.org [online]. [cit. 2021-02-11]. Dostupné z: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/aircraft-uav-class.htm
    20. Armáda vyčlenila na nákup bojových dronů 1,5 miliardy korun. Lidovky.cz [online]. 6.10.2020 [cit. 2021-02-10]. Dostupné z: https://www.lidovky.cz/byznys/statni-pokladna/armada-vyclenila-na-nakup-bojovych-dronu-1-5-miliardy-korun.A201006_131438_statni-pokladna_ceh
    21. GROHMANN, Jan. Stratosférické a bojové drony v Armádě ČR. op. cit. 2020
    22. RAKESH, Aishwarya. Russian Drone Attack. Defenseworld.net [online]. 5. 9. 2020 [cit. 2021-02-18]. Dostupné z: https://www.defenseworld.net/feature/43/Russian_Drone_Attack#.YC6nQ-hKhPY
    23. KARNOZOV, Vladimir. Russia's First MALE UAV Is Revealed. Ainonline.com [online]. 15. 8. 2017 [cit. 2021-02-20]. Dostupné z: https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-08-15/russias-first-male-uav- revealed
    24. GETTINGER, Dan. The drone databook [online]. Annandale-on-Hudson (NY). 19-21 s. Dostupné z: https://dronecenter.bard.edu/files/2019/10/CSD-Drone-Databook-Web.pdf
    25. TOP 10 COMPANIES IN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE MARKET. Meticulousblog.org [online]. 3. 11. 2020 [cit. 2021-02-11]. Dostupné z: https://meticulousblog.org/top-10-companies-in-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-market/
    26. Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) Chengdu State Aircraft Factory No. 132 Aircraft Plant. Globalsecurity.org [online]. [cit. 2021-02-15]. Dostupné z: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/cac.htm
    27. MAKICHUK, Dave. China takes lead in military drone market. Asiatimes.com [online]. 31. 12. 2019 [cit. 2021-02-18]. Dostupné z: https://asiatimes.com/2019/12/china-targets-world-uav-market/
    28. VELAZQUEZ, Nicholas. Rise of a "Drone Superpower?" Turkish Drones Upending Russia's Near Abroad. Geopoliticalmonitor.com [online]. 9. 2. 2021 [cit. 2021-02-15]. Dostupné z: https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/turkish-drones/
    29. BUREAU, Our. In a First, Turkey's Drones Suppressed & Destroyed Syria's Russian Air Defenses: Turkish Expert. Defenseworld.net [online]. 4. 1. 2021 [cit. 2021-02-15]. Dostupné z: https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28687/In_a_FirstTurkey_s_Drones_SuppressedDestroyed_Syria_s_Russian_Air_DefensesTukish_Expert#.YCofq2hKhPY
    30. Bayraktar AKINCI System. BAYKAR: Unmanne Aerial Vehicle Systems [online]. 2021 [cit. 2021-6-20]. Dostupné z: https://baykardefence.com/uav-14.html
    31. LASKIN, Yury. ORION Certificate of Acceptance signed. Euro-sd.com [online]. 22. 4. 2020 [cit. 2021-02-15]. Dostupné z: https://euro-sd.com/2020/04/articles/exclusive/17026/certificate-of-acceptance-for-orion-uav/
    32. Morocco receives Harfang UAVs from France. Defenceweb.co.za [online]. 12. 2. 2020 [cit. 2021-02-15]. Dostupné z: https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/morocco-receives-harfang-uavs-from-france/
    33. MALE RPAS - MEDIUM ALTITUDE LONG ENDURANCE REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM. Occar.int [online]. [cit. 2021-02-16]. Dostupné z: http://www.occar.int/programmes/male-rpas
    34. NEURON. dassault-aviation.com [online]. [cit. 2021-02-16]. Dostupné z: https://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/defense/neuron/
    35. GUPTA, Shishir. DRDO's Rustom-2 drone takes-off, India goes for armed Heron. Hindustantimes.com [online]. 10. 10. 2020 [cit. 2021-02-16]. Dostupné z: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-s-rustom-2-drone-flight-tested-india-goes-for-armed-heron-uavs/story-CZ5jd9tRo6Ph2jcq2HOpmM.html
    36. HAQ, Riaz. Pakistan Starts UAV Production Line. Southasiainvestor.com [online]. 27. 8. 2009 [cit. 2021-02-18]. Dostupné z: https://www.southasiainvestor.com/2009/08/pakistan-starts-uav-production-line.html
    37. Shahed-129 UAV. Globalsecurity.org [online]. [cit. 2021-02-18]. Dostupné z: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/shahed-129.htm
    38. Predator RQ-1 / MQ-1 / MQ-9 Reaper UAV. Airforce-technology.com [online]. [cit. 2021-02-19]. Dostupné z: https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/predator-uav/
    39. Israel Science & Technology: Defense Industry. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org [online]. [cit. 2021-02-19]. Dostupné z: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/israeli-defense-industry
    40. Air. Iai.co.il [online]. [cit. 2021-02-19]. Dostupné z: https://www.iai.co.il/defense/air
    41. UAS. Elbitsystems.com [online]. [cit. 2021-02-19]. Dostupné z: https://elbitsystems.com/products/uas/
    42. Hermes 450. Israeli-Weapons.com [online]. [cit. 2021-12-05]. Dostupné z: http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/aircraft/uav/hermes_450/Hermes_450.html
    43. Heron / Machatz 1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Airforce Technology [online]. 2021 [cit. 2021-12-05]. Dostupné z: https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/heron-uav/
    44. HOFMAN, Lennart. How Turkey became a drone power (and what that tells us about the future of warfare). Thecorrespondent.com [online]. 10. 12. 2020 [cit. 2021-02-20]. Dostupné z: https://thecorrespondent.com/832/how-turkey-became-a-drone-power-and-what-that-tells-us-about-the-future-of-warfare/110071049088-d67e839e
    45. Predator RQ-1 / MQ-1 / MQ-9 Reaper UAV. Airforce-technology.com [online]. [cit. 2021-02-19]. Dostupné z: https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/predator-uav/
    46. Heron. Israeli-Weapons.com [online]. [cit. 2021-12-05]. Dostupné z: http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/aircraft/uav/heron/Heron.html
    47. Hermes™ 900. Elbitsystems.com [online]. [cit. 2021-02-20]. Dostupné z: https://elbitsystems.com/product/hermes-900-5/
    48. Hermes 900 MALE Tactical Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV). Airforce- technology.com [online]. [cit. 2021-02-20]. Dostupné z: https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/hermes-900/
    49. Hermes 900 UAS. Defense-update.com [online]. 9. 12. 2009 [cit. 2021-02-20]. Dostupné z: https://defense-update.com/20091209_hermes-900.html
    50. U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet: MQ-1B PREDATOR. Air combat command [online]. Langley Air Force Base USA, 2013 [cit. 2021-6-23]. Dostupné z: https://web.archive.org/web/20130624094111/http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=122&page=1
    51. Heron: Multi-Role MALE UAS. Iai.co.il [online]. [cit. 2021-02-22]. Dostupné z: https://www.iai.co.il/p/heron
    52. MQ-1B Predator. Af.mil [online]. 23. 9. 2015 [cit. 2021-02-28]. Dostupné z: https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104469/mq-1b-predator/
    53. TAI: Unmanned aerial vehicle system ANKA. TAI [online]. Ankara Turkey: Turkish aerospace industries, 2011 [cit. 2021-6-23]. Dostupné z: https://web.archive.org/web/20110722124219/http://www.tai.com.tr/ds_Resource/image/content/ANKA-ENG.pdf
    54. Bayraktar TB2. Baykardefence.com [online]. [cit. 2021-03-03]. Dostupné z: https://baykardefence.com/uav-15.html
    55. RITSICK, Colin. Top 35 Most Expensive Military Drones. Militarymachine.com [online]. 16. 2. 2020 [cit. 2021-03-01]. Dostupné z: https://militarymachine.com/top-35-most-expensive-military-drones/
    56. Bayraktar TB2 Tactical UAV. Army-technology.com [online]. [cit. 2021-03-04]. Dostupné z: https://www.army-technology.com/projects/bayraktar-tb2-tactical-uav/
    57. GROHMANN, Jan. Turecký dron Bayraktar TB2: Zabiják ruských systémů Pancir. Armadninoviny.cz [online]. 15. 6. 2020 [cit. 2021-03-04]. Dostupné z: https://www.armadninoviny.cz/turecky-dron-bayraktar-tb2-zabijak-systemu-pancir.html
    58. Anka MALE Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Air Force Technology [online]. London: Verdict Media Limited, 2013 [cit. 2021-6-23]. Dostupné z: https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/anka-male-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-uav-turkey/
    59. EADS Harfang. Militaryfactory.com [online]. 31. 5. 2016 [cit. 2021-02-22]. Dostupné z: https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1049
    60. Watchkeeper Tactical UAV. Army Technology [online]. 2020 [cit. 2021-12-05]. Dostupné z: https://www.army-technology.com/projects/watchkeeper/
    61. MCLEARY, Paul. US Loosens Export Rules For Military Drones. Breakingdefense.com [online]. 24. 7. 2020 [cit. 2021-03-01]. Dostupné z: https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/us-loosens-export-rules-for-military-drones/
    62. BUREAU, Our. US Eases Export Rules on Sale of Military Drones to Allies. Defenseworld.net [online]. 25. 7. 2020 [cit. 2021-03-01]. Dostupné z: https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27502/US_Eases_Export_Rules_on_Sale_of_Military_Drones_to_Allies#.YDyvf2hKhPY
    63. DÜZ, Sibel. The ascension of Turkey as a drone power: history, strategy and geopolitical implications. Turkey. 2020. 17 s. ISBN 978- 625-7040-63-1.
    64. Obraně zbylo jen 1,8 miliardy korun, nejméně za posledních pět let. Idnes.cz [online]. 14. 1. 2021 [cit. 2021-04-12]. Dostupné z: https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/nato/obrana-rozpocet-armada-finance-modernizace.A210114_122129_zpr_nato_inc
    65. Financování armády se komplikuje. Nejen v rámci výběru nových BVP. Czdefence.cz [online]. 15.11.2020 [cit. 2021-04-12]. Dostupné z: https://www.czdefence.cz/clanek/financovani-armady-se-komplikuje-nejen-v-ramci-vyberu-novych-bvp

    Return to the content