Vojenské rozhledy / Czech Military Review Nr. 3/2018: 93-104
Contemporary Security Policy of the European Union in MaliReviewed - Review
The European Union is interested in ensuring the security of African countries in the region of Sahel because some of the threats originating from this region can potentially endanger its member states. With the deteriorating situation in northern Mali, the EU has decided to become more active in this country through Common Security and Defence Policy missions. The aim of this article is to introduce and subsequently assess the contemporary policy of EU in Mali. Particular attention will be paid to the European Union Training Mission in Mali and European Union Capacity Building Mission in Mali, which have so far produced rather mixed results. The article will also focus on the EU strategy in the Sahel region and partly on the EU counterterrorist and counterinsurgency activities in Mali.
Keywords: European Union, Mali, France, Common Security Policy, foreign missions, terrorism.
Published: September 15, 2018 Show citation
References
- BAREA, J. C. C. 2013. The Malian Armed Forces reform and the future of the EUTM. Barcelona: Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies.
- BOEKE, S. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism, insurgency, or organized crime? In: Small Wars & Insurgencies [online], 27 (5), 2016, 914-936. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208280.
- DICKE, R. The European Union Training Mission in Mali: A case study. In: Croatian International Relations Review [online]. 20 (71), 2014, 91-119. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://hrcak.srce.hr/128760.
- SHURKIN, M. - PEZARD, S. - ZIMMERMAN, S. R. Mali's Next Battle: Improving Counterterrorism Capabilities [online]. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1241.html.
- EUCAP SAHEL MALI. The EUCAP Sahel Mali civilian mission [online]. Bamako, Mali: Press and Public Information Office, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://eucap-sahel-mali.eu/documents/20170831_Factsheet_EUCAP_Sahel_Mali_en.pdf.
- EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ACTION SERVICE. Strategy for Security and Development in the Sahel [online]. Brussels, Belgium, 2016 [cit. 2018-06-17]. Dostupné z: https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/strategy_for_security_and_development_in_the_sahel_en_0.pdf.
- BOEKE, S. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism, insurgency, or organized crime? In: Small Wars & Insurgencies [online], 27 (5), 2016, 914-936. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208280.
- EUROPEAN COMISSION. The European Union's partnership with the G5 Sahel countries [online]. Brussels, Belgium, 2018 [cit. 2018-06-17]. Dostupné z: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-18-942_en.htm.
- The Africa-EU Partnership. EU Support to G5 Sahel Joint Force [online]. 2018. [cit. 2018-08-22] Dostupné z: https://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/en/projects/eu-support-g5-sahel-joint-force.
- Delegation der Europäischen Union für die Schweiz und das Fürstentum Liechtenstein. EU works with partners in Sahel to fight terrorism and trafficking [online]. Bern, 2018 [cit. 2018-06-17]. Dostupné z: [cit. 2018-08-22] Dostupné z: https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/switzerland/46965/eu-works-partners-sahel-fight-terrorism-and-trafficking_de.
- EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ACTION SERVICE. The European Union and the Sahel, fact sheet [online]. Brussels, Belgium, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17]. Dostupné z: https://bit.ly/2oCSfCQ.
- Karlsrud, J. The UN at war: examining the consequences of peace-enforcement mandates for the UN peacekeeping operations in the CAR, the DRC and Mali. In: Third World Quarterly [online]. 2015, 36 (1), 40-54. [cit. 2018-08-22] Dostupné z: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.976016.
- United Nations Security Council. Situation in Mali: Report of the Secretary-General [online]. New York: Security Council Report, 2018. [cit. 2018-08-22] Dostupné z: https://minusma.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/180606_sg_report_on_mali_english.pdf.
- Karlsrud, J. The UN at war: examining the consequences of peace-enforcement mandates for the UN peacekeeping operations in the CAR, the DRC and Mali. In: Third World Quarterly [online]. 2015, 36 (1), 40-54. [cit. 2018-08-22] Dostupné z: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.976016.
- SHURKIN, M. - PEZARD, S. - ZIMMERMAN, S. R. Mali's Next Battle: Improving Counterterrorism Capabilities [online]. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1241.html.
- EUTM MALI. 2018. EUROPEAN TRAINING MISSION MALI (EUTM Mali) [online]. Bamako, Mali: Public Affairs Office, 2018 [cit. 2018-06-17]. Dostupné z: http://eutmmali.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/EUTM_Mission_Factsheet_MAR18_EN.pdf.
- BAREA, J. C. C. 2013. The Malian Armed Forces reform and the future of the EUTM. Barcelona: Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies.
- LAWRENCE, E. C. Nomads, Islamists, and Soldiers: The Struggles for Northern Mali. In: Studies in Conflict & Terrorism [online], 36 (8), 2013, 617-634. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2013.802972.
- EUTM Mali. EUTM Mali: European Training Mission [online]. Bamako, Mali: Public Office Affairs, 2016 [cit. 2018-06-17]. Dostupné z: www.emgfa.pt/documents/t1mjnsqh7y36.pdf.
- REYKERS, Y. No supply without demand: explaining the absence of the EU Battlegroups in Libya, Mali and the Central African Republic. In: European Security [online]. 25 (3), 2016, 346-365. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09662839.2016.1205978.
- EUCAP SAHEL MALI. The EUCAP Sahel Mali civilian mission [online]. Bamako, Mali: Press and Public Information Office, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://eucap-sahel-mali.eu/documents/20170831_Factsheet_EUCAP_Sahel_Mali_en.pdf.
- SHURKIN, M. - PEZARD, S. - ZIMMERMAN, S. R. Mali's Next Battle: Improving Counterterrorism Capabilities [online]. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1241.html.
- EUCAP SAHEL MALI. The EUCAP Sahel Mali civilian mission [online]. Bamako, Mali: Press and Public Information Office, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://eucap-sahel-mali.eu/documents/20170831_Factsheet_EUCAP_Sahel_Mali_en.pdf.
- SHURKIN, M. France's War in Mali: Lessons for an Expeditionary Army [online]. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2014 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR700/RR770/RAND_RR770.pdf.
- SHURKIN, M. - PEZARD, S. - ZIMMERMAN, S. R. Mali's Next Battle: Improving Counterterrorism Capabilities [online]. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1241.html, str. 87.
- KŘIVANOVÁ, J. Lvi ve vysoké trávě: francouzská counterinsurgency strategie. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Fakulta sociálních studií, 2017. Diplomová práce. Dostupné z: https://is.muni.cz/th/397796/fss_m_b1/Jana_Krivanova_Diplomova_prace.pdf.
- OKEMUO, G. The EU or France? The CSDP Mission in Mali the Consistency of the EU Africa policy. In: Liverpool Law Review, 34 (3), 2013, 217-240.
- TRAYNOR, I. 2013. EU set to back French war in Mali. In: The Guardian [online]. Jan 17, 2013. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/17/eu-back-french-war-mali.
- SHURKIN, M. France's War in Mali: Lessons for an Expeditionary Army [online]. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2014 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR700/RR770/RAND_RR770.pdf.
- EUROPEAN COUNCIL BRIEFING. Activation of Article 42(7) TEU: France´s request for assistance and Member State´s responses [online]. European Parliament, 2016 [cit. 2018-06-17]. Dostupné z: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2016)581402.
- IRISH, J. - SHALAL, A. France plots new European military crisis force outside EU. In: Reuters [online]. Apr 4, 2018. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-military/france-plots-new-european-military-crisis-force-outside-eu-idUSKCN1HB2MJ.
- OLSEN, R. G. Fighting terrorism in Africa by Proxy: the USA and the European Union in Somalia and Mali. In: European Security [online]. 23 (2), 2014, 290-306. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09662839.2014.884074.
- SKEPPSTRÖM, E. - WIKLUND, C. H. - JONSSON, M. European Union Training Missions: security sector reform or counter-insurgency by proxy? In: European Security [online]. 2015, 24 (2), 353-367. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09662839.2014.972382.
- Bøås, M. et al. The EU, security sector reform and border management in Mali [online]. EUNPACK Consortium, 2018 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://bit.ly/2Pym2rO.
- HOLSEK, Ch. Mali's Teachable Moment: The Primacy of Civil Authority in Security Sector Development and Assistance. In: Conflict trends [online]. 2013, (3), 40-47. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://journals.co.za/content/accordc/2013/4/EJC146695.
- DJIRÉ, M. et al. Assessing the EU's conflict prevention and Peacebuilding interventions in Mali [online]. Bamako: Universite des Sciences Juridiques et Politiques de Bamako, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://bit.ly/2Q4Ov9Y
- SHURKIN, M. - PEZARD, S. - ZIMMERMAN, S. R. Mali's Next Battle: Improving Counterterrorism Capabilities [online]. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1241.html.
- Bøås, M. et al. The EU, security sector reform and border management in Mali [online]. EUNPACK Consortium. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://bit.ly/2Q15rxM.
- Lavallée, C. a Völkel, J.C. Military in Mali: The EU's Action against Instability in the Sahel Region, In: European Foreign Affairs Review, 20 (2), 2015, 159-186.
- Hühnerfuß, A. To Intervene or Not to Intervene? : A Theoretical Account of European Crisis Management in Mali. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Political Science. 2016. Diplomová práce. Dostupné z: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132498.
- Nilsson, C. a Zetterlund, K., 2011. Arming the peace: the sensitive business of capacity building [online]. Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.foi.se/report-search/pdf?fileName=D%3A%5CReportSearch%5CFiles%5C2b421eaf-7445-435a-9c66-436d259b56c0.pdf.
- BA, B. a M. Bøås. Mali: a Political Economy Analysis [online]. Oslo: NUPI, 2017 [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2468085/NUPI_rapport_Mali_Ba_B%25C3%25B8%25C3%25A5s.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.
- Bøås, M. et al. The EU, security sector reform and border management in Mali [online]. EUNPACK Consortium. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://bit.ly/2Pym2rO.
- Coolsaet, R., Biscop, S. a Coelmont, J. Mali: another European intervention without the EU? In: Security Policy Briefs [online]. 2013, (42) 1-4. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: http://www.egmontinstitute.be/content/uploads/2013/07/SPB42-Mali.pdf?type=pdf.
- SKEPPSTRÖM, E. - WIKLUND, C. H. - JONSSON, M. European Union Training Missions: security sector reform or counter-insurgency by proxy? In: European Security [online]. 2015, 24 (2), 353-367. [cit. 2018-06-17] Dostupné z: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09662839.2014.972382.


