Vojenské Rozhledy

Czech Military Review

Vojenské rozhledy / Czech Military Review Nr. 1/2019: 85-97

Demobilizace kolumbijských guerill: Případ FARC-EP a ELNRecenzované - Přehledový

Pavlína Bláhová, Malvína Krausz Hladká

Partyzánské a paramilitární skupiny operující na území Kolumbie představují posledních padesát let zásadní bezpečnostní hrozbu pro celý region. Zatím nejúspěšnějším pokusem o uzavření mírové smlouvy mezi vládou a povstalci je mírový proces v letech 2012-2016, který vyvrcholil dohodou mezi kolumbijskou vládou a skupinou Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo. Tato práce se zabývá dynamikou mírového procesu s kolumbijskými partyzánskými skupinami a sleduje faktory, jež přispěly k eskalaci či deeskalaci konfliktu a vedly tak buď k úspěchu či selhání demobilizace povstalců. Analýza procesu demobilizace ukázala na řadu faktorů, které indikují protichůdné jednání na obou stranách, kdy obě strany v průběhu vyjednávání mobilizovaly své síly a porušovaly dané úmluvy. Jako jeden z hlavních důvodů tohoto jednání lze určit absenci silného garanta.

Klíčová slova: FARC, ELN; Kolumbie; demilitarizace; mírový proces; povstalecké skupiny; guerilla.

Demobilisation of the Colombian Guerillas: FARC-EP and ELN

Partisan and paramilitary groups operating on Colombian soil have been representing a serious regional security threat for the last fifty years. The most successful attempt to conclude a peace treaty between the government and the insurgents is represented by the peace process that took place between 2012-2016. This process resulted in the agreement between the colombian government and the guerilla group Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo. This paper deals with the dynamics of the of the peace processes between the government and guerilla groups and analyzes the factors contributing to the escalation and deescalation of the conflict and factors that enabled or on the contrary disabled a successful demobilization of the insurgents. The analysis of the demobilization uncovered a number of factors indicating a contradictory acting of both sides of the conflict. While the adversaries were negotiating the peace agreement, in the same time they were violating the previous agreements. Such behaviour was caused mainly due to the absence of a strong sponsor.

Keywords: FARC; ELN; Colombia; Demilitarization; Peace proces; Insurgency; Guerillas.

Zveřejněno: 15. březen 2019  Zobrazit citaci

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Bláhová, P., & Hladká, M.K. (2019). Demobilizace kolumbijských guerill: Případ FARC-EP a ELN. Vojenské rozhledy / Czech Military Review, 100(1), 85-97
Sdílet...
Stáhnout citaci
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Zobrazit celý článek

    Reference

    1. MITCHELL, Christopher R. Conflict, Change and Conflict Resolution. In B. Austin, M. Fischer, H.J. Giessmann (eds.) 2011. Advancing Conflict Transformation. The Berghof Handbook II. Opladen/Framington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publishers. Dostupné z: www.berghof-handbook.net.
    2. MOLANO, A. The Evolution Of The Farc: A Guerrilla Group's Long History, NACLA Report on the Americas 2000, 34:2, 23-31, DOI: 10.1080/10714839.2000.11722627
    3. GARCÍA-PEŇA, D. The National Liberation Army (ELN) Creates a Different Peace Proces. NACLA Report on Americas 2007. Dostupné z: https://nacla.org/article/national-liberation-army-eln-creates-different-peace-proces
    4. RICKMEYER, Paul, F. Establishing Ripe Moments for Negotiated Settlement in Counterinsurgency: An Example from Colombia. School of Advanced Military Studies 2017
    5. AVILÉS, William. Paramilitarism and Colombia's Low-Intensity Democracy," Journal of Latin American Studies 38/2, 2006
    6. HAUGAARD, Lisa; APONTE, Andrea F. Colombia's Peace Process: Successful Disarmament, But Other Implementation Proceeds Slowly. Latin America Working Group, 2017. Dostupné z: http://lawg.org/storage/documents/Colombia_Peace_Update_September_2017.pdf
    7. SEGURA, Renata; MECHOULAN, Delphine. Made in Havana: How Colombia and the FARC Decided to End the War. SSRN 2017. Dostupné z: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2969332
    8. PARDO, Rafael. Colombia's Two-Front War. Foreign Affairs, 79(4), s. 64. 2000.
    9. JOHNSON, Kyle., JONSSON, Michael. Colombia: Ending the Forever War? Survival, 55:1, 67-86, 2013
    10. COLBY, Martin. Colombia's New Counterinsurgency Plan. STRATFOR 2012.
    11. BEITEL, June S. Peace talks in Colombia. Congressional Research Service 2015. Dostupné z: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42982.pdf
    12. OTIS, John. The FARC and Colombia's Illegal Drug Trade. Wilson Center 2014. Dostupné z: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Otis_FARCDrugTrade2014.pdf
    13. ALSEMA, Adriaan. FARC to take part in Colombia's 2018 elections, but with guaranteed seats. Colombia Reports 2016. Dostupné z: https://colombiareports.com/farc-take-part-colombias-2018-elections-guaranteed-seats/
    14. TURRIAGO, Rojas D. Los procesos de paz en Colombia, ¿camino a la reconciliación? Actualidades Pedagógicas, 2016/68, s. 159-178.
    15. Colombian president halts talks with FARC rebels after general kidnapped. The Guardian 2014. Dostupné z: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/17/colombian-president-halts-farc-talks-after-general-kidnapped
    16. REYES, Elizabeth. Colombia y las FARC pactan la libertad del general secuestrado. El Paiz 2014. Dostupné z: https://elpais.com/internacional/2014/11/20/actualidad/1416448143_257361.html
    17. Colombia suspends air strikes against FARC camps. BBC 2015. Dostupné z: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-33667048
    18. TAMAYO, Elena. Colombia: un ejército para la guerra y para la paz. SciencesPo 2014. Dostupné z: https://www.sciencespo.fr/opalc/content/colombia-un-ejercito-para-la-guerra-y-para-la-paz
    19. Colombia pardons 30 jailed FARC guerrillas. Deutsche Welle 2015. Dostupné z: https://p.dw.com/p/1HARO
    20. LOHMULLER, Michael. ¿Por qué quiere Colombia sacar a las FARC-EPde la lista de terroristas de EEUU? InSight Crime, 2016. Dostupné z: https://es.insightcrime.org/noticias/noticias-del-dia/por-que-quiere-colombia-sacar-farc-lista-terroristas-de-estados-unidos/
    21. YAGOUB, Mimi. 'We Will Not Demobilize': First FARC Dissidents Won't Be The Last. InSight Crime 2016. Dostupné z: https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/we-will-not-demobilize-first-farc-dissidents-wont-be-the-last/
    22. DOMINIGUEZ, Augustin. After the Negotiations How Reconstruction Teams Can Build a Stronger Peace in Colombia. PRISM, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2016), s. 88-99. Dostupné z:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26459214
    23. WRIGHT, Emily. Inside FARC's Postwar Jungle Camp Finishing School. Foreign Policy 2016. Dostupné z: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/30/inside-farcs-postwar-jungle-camp-finishing-school-colombia/
    24. Colombia's FARC-EPrebels complete move to demobilisation zones. BBC 2017. Dostupné z: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39018686
    25. MAAS, David. Could the demobilization of Colombia's FARC rebels be more chaotic? Colombia Reports 2017. Dostupné z: https://colombiareports.com/demobilization-colombias-farc-rebels-chaotic/
    26. PORCH, Douglas & Rasmussen, Maria, J. Demobilization of Paramilitaries in Colombia: Transformation or Transition?, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31:6, 520-540, 2008. DOI: 10.1080/10576100802064841
    27. ABAD OROZCO, Iván. Encuesta Nacional Qué piensan los colombianos después de siete años de Justicia y Paz. Centro Nacional de Memoria Historica, 2012. Dostupné z: http://centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/descargas/informes2012/encuesta.pdf
    28. AMAYA-VILLARREAL, Álvaro, GUZMÁN-DUARTE, Valeria. La naturaleza jurídico-internacional de los Acuerdos de Paz y sus consecuencias en la implementación, 30 International Law, Revista Colombiana de Derecho Internacional, 41-60 (2017)
    29. ILLERA, Olga; LUIZ, Juan, C. Entre la política y la paz: las Fuerzas Militares tras la firma del Acuerdo de Paz. Araucaria 2018. Dostupné z: https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/araucaria/article/view/4917
    30. ELN califica de "fracaso rotundo" los acuerdos de paz de las FARC-EPy el Gobierno. Noticias 2018. Dostupné z: https://noticias.canalrcn.com/nacional-pais/eln-califica-fracaso-rotundo-los-acuerdos-paz-las-farc-y-el-gobierno
    31. GARCIA-PENA, Daniel. The National Liberation Army (ELN) Creates a Different Peace Proces. NACLA 2007. Dostupné z: https://nacla.org/article/national-liberation-army-eln-creates-different-peace-proces
    32. SIERRA, Jeronimo R. Breves notas sobre el conflicto colombiano tras la llegada de Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Análisis GESI, 2/2015. Dostupné z: https://www.ugr.es/~gesi/analisis/2-2015.pdf
    33. BUITRAGO LEAL, Francisco. La política de seguridad democrática: 2002-2005. Análysis Político Mayo-Agosto 2006. Dostupné z: http://www.ideaspaz.org/tools/download/50659
    34. BENAVIDES, Andres V. The Peace Process in Colombia with the ELN: The Role of Mexico. LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM SPECIAL REPORT, Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars 2006. Dostupné z: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Mexico%2527s%20Role%20in%20the%20ELN%20Peace%20Process11.pdf
    35. Este año se han desmovilizado cerca del doble de guerrilleros del ELN con respecto a 2015. RCN Radio, 2016. Dostupné z: https://www.rcnradio.com/colombia/este-ano-se-desmovilizado-cerca-del-doble-guerrilleros-del-eln-respecto-2015
    36. YAGOUB, Mimi. Colombia's ELN Rebels in Crisis As Demobilization Rate Nearly Doubles. InSight Crime 2016. Dostupné z: https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/eln-rebels-crisis-demobilization-rate-nearly-doubles/
    37. BOTERO, Valentina P. EL CAMINO RECORRIDO POR SANTOS Y EL ELN. Pares 2018. Dostupné z: https://pares.com.co/2018/03/23/el-camino-recorrido-por-santos-y-el-eln-6/
    38. ELN se atribuye responsabilidad en masacre de Magüí Payán. Semana, 7.10.2018. Dostupné z: https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/eln-se-atribuye-la-masacre-de-magui-payan/550048
    39. El ELN paraliza el segundo oleoducto de Colombia. DW 30.4.2016. Dostupné z: https://www.dw.com/es/el-eln-paraliza-el-segundo-oleoducto-de-colombia/a-19226176
    40. VARGAS, Naryi.¿Y las negociaciones con el ELN?, Fundacion Paz&Reconciliacion. 4.9.2018. Dostupné z: https://pares.com.co/2018/09/04/11756/
    41. Los recientes cambios a la ley estatutaria que reglamenta la JEP y los incumplimientos en los acuerdos por parte del Gobierno, generan la desconfianza de ese grupo guerrillero. Noticias 2018. Dostupné z: https://noticias.canalrcn.com/nacional-pais/eln-califica-fracaso-rotundo-los-acuerdos-paz-las-farc-y-el-gobierno

    Zpět na obsah