Vojenské Rozhledy

Czech Military Review

Vojenské rozhledy / Czech Military Review Nr. 1/2019: 73-84

Models of Proliferation of Rocket Technologies Used by Hybrid Actors in the Middle EastReviewed - Review

Ladislav Kulhánek

Rocket technology occupies an elite position in the doctrines of hybrid actors in the Middle East. The thesis of proliferation of tactical ballistic missiles analyses four models - political, technological, substitutional and propagandist-psychological. An effective reduction of ballistic missiles and technologies has been identified in the political model, where sanctions and embargoes limit the proliferation of missile technology. In the technical model, which plays a key role, the limiting factors are those of development and dissemination of high-energy laser weapons. The substitutional model illustrates the application of tactical ballistic missiles as carriers for improvised devices. It is of marginal importance, despite covering targets that involve secondary damage. Studying the model of propaganda and psychology confirms the psychological effect on the population associated with the losses, but it does not affect the reduction of missiles.

Keywords: Asymmetric warfare; Hybrid actor; Israel; Models of analysis; Primary actors; Tactical ballistic missiles.

Published: March 15, 2019  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Kulhánek, L. (2019). Models of Proliferation of Rocket Technologies Used by Hybrid Actors in the Middle East. Czech Military Review, 100(1), 73-84
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. The 2017 Defense Posture Statement: Taking the Long View, Investing for the Future [online]. Department of Defense USA, 2016, s. 4, 12-14, 22-23. [cit. 2018-02-22]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/q8qPd8.
    2. BROŽ, I. Husajn Kontra Chomejní: Irácko-íránská válka 1980-1988. Praha: Nakladatelství Epocha, 2007. 339 s. ISBN 978-80-87027-12-7.
    3. PLANT, T. J. Asymmetric Warfare: Slogan or Reality? Obrana a strategie [online]. 2008, s. 9. [cit. 2017-05-28]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/X2vKY5.
    4. Janků a Zelinka; Hybridní aktér. Mezinárodní vztahy [online]. Praha, 2009, č. 4. [cit. 2018-10-27]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/PQZ3jC.
    5. WEBER, M. - RUNCIMAN, G. W. Economic Policy and the National Interest in Imperial Germany [online]. 2011, s. 263-268. ISBN 9780511810831. [cit. 2018-02-22]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/C6BZDQ
    6. SMYTH, P. Hizballah Cavalcade: The Shia Militant Response to Ayatollah Nimr al-Nimr's Death Sentence. Jihadology [online]. 2014. [cit. 2018-02-22]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/5wHGEv
    7. EISENSTADT, M. The Middle East Missile Environment. AFPC Defense Dossier [online]. Washington, 2013, č. 6, s. 8. [cit. 2018-02-16]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/7FE1zo
    8. SAGAN, D. S. Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb. International Security [online]. 1996-1997, s. 54-86. [cit. 2017-05-13]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/tfszYz
    9. KARP, A. Ballistic Missiles in the Third World. International Security [online]. 1984-1985, č. 9, s. 166-195. [cit. 2018-10-29]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/UKjfQA
    10. NOLAN, J. E. Trappings of Power: Ballistic Missiles in the Third World. [online]. Washington, 1991. [cit. 2018-10-29]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/T35m6r
    11. HULL, W. A. Role of Ballistic Missiles in Third World Defense Strategies [online]. Institute for Defense Analyses, 1991, s. S-1-3. [cit. 2018-10-27]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/QENihE
    12. KARIMI, N. Iran Guard: Supreme leader limiting ballistic missile range. Military Times [online]. 2017. [cit. 2018-02-28]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/JqSV2S
    13. GOLDENBERG, S. Barak's cabinet votes to leave Lebanon by July. The Guardin [online]. 2000. [cit. 2018-02-24]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/21rDJ7
    14. GORDON, L. S. The Vulture and The Snake Counter-Guerrilla Air Warfare: The War in Southern Lebanon. Mideast Security and Policy Studies [online]. 1998, č. 39 [cit. 2018-02-11]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/kLFnrk
    15. Sattelite Images Reveal Impact of Recent Israeli Strikes on Syria's Damascus. South Front [online]. 2018. [cit. 2018-12-31]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/8mXWv9
    16. SANCHEZ, R. Israel resumes airstrikes in Syria with attack outside Damascus. The Telegraph [online]. 26. 12. 2018. [cit. 2018-12-31]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/ShfQNG
    17. KERSHNER, I. Israel Says It Seized Ship in Red Sea With Load of Iranian Rockets Headed to Gaza. The New York Times [online]. 2014. [cit. 2018-03-18]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/ZjHHac
    18. SCHANZER, J. - BADRAN, T. - DAOUD, D. The Third Lebanon War: The Coming Clash Between Hezbollah and Israel in the Shadow of the Iran Nuclear Deal [online]. 2016, s. 23. [cit. 2018-03-18]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/G14uWz
    19. WINTOUR, P. Saudi Arabia still barring aid to Yemen despite pledge to lift siege. The Guardian [online]. 2017. [cit. 2018-03-18]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/NnNXbf
    20. STOJAR, R. Bezpilotní prostředky a problematika jejich nasazení v soudobých konfliktech. Obrana a strategie [online]. 2016. [cit. 2018-02-05]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/Xcbpqg.
    21. SAVAGE, S. Hezbollah has more firepower than '95 percent of world's conventional militaries,' warns report. JNS [online]. 8. 11. 2018. [cit. 2018-12-29]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/TqMKGH a mnoho dalších zdrojů s podobnými odhady.
    22. GORDON, L. S. The Vulture and The Snake Counter-Guerrilla Air Warfare: The War in Southern Lebanon. Mideast Security and Policy Studies [online]. 1998, č. 39 [cit. 2018-02-11]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/kLFnrk
    23. Yemeni rebels enhance ballistic missile campaign. [online]. IHS Jane's Military & Security Assessments Intelligence Centre, 2017, 7 s. [cit. 2018-02-16]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/vtTtii
    24. KNIGHTS, M. Countering Iran's Missile Proliferation in Yemen [online]. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Washington, 2017. [cit. 2018-02-22]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/fmzcMU
    25. Saudis accuse Iran of "direct aggression" over Yemen missile. BBC [online]. 2017. [cit. 2018-02-23]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/9cWfEt
    26. Yemen / Houthi Missiles. Global Security [online]. 2017. [cit. 2018-02-23]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/icQ5r3
    27. EISENSTADT, M. The Middle East Missile Environment. AFPC Defense Dossier [online]. Washington, 2013, č. 6, s. 9. [cit. 2018-02-16]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/7FE1zo
    28. ENSOR, J. Hamas fires rockets at Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. The Telegraph [online]. 2014. [cit. 2018-02-19]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/7dStXJ
    29. Hamas drone shot down by Israel's Iron Dome and Patriot missile defence shield near Ashdod. YouTube [online]. 2014. [cit. 2018-02-18]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/inYiiC
    30. KERSHNER, I. - LYONS, J. P. Hamas Publishes Photo of a Drone It Says It Built. The New York Times [online]. 2014. [cit. 2018-02-23]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/WcbSFU
    31. GIBBONS-NEFF, T. Houthi forces appear to be using Iranian-made drones to ram Saudi air defenses in Yemen, report says. The Washington Post [online]. 2017. [cit. 2018-02-24]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/K1DQta
    32. EWEISS, N. Non-state actors & WMD: Does ISIS have a pathway to a nuclear weapon? Basic [online]. 2016, s. 1, 5-6. [cit. 2018-02-25]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/imXeLu
    33. EVANS, M. - COGHLAN, T. Isis launches mustard gas attacks in Syria and Iraq. The Times [online]. 2015. [cit. 2018-02-25]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/27F3za
    34. AMIDROR, Y. The Hizballah-Syria-Iran Triangle. Middle East Review of International Affairs [online]. 2007, roč. 11, č. 1, s. 2. [cit. 19. 2. 2018]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/FQABmi
    35. SAGAN, D. S. Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb. International Security [online]. 1996-1997, s. 57. [cit. 2017-05-13]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/tfszYz
    36. McKERNAN, B. Mosul Dam could collapse at any minute "killing 1.5 milion people". Independent [online]. 2017. [cit. 2017-05-28]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/uXveaZ
    37. KAIS, R. Nasrallah: Ammonia plant in Haifa is my atomic bomb. Ynetnews [online]. 2016. [cit. 2018-02-18]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/LJUmY3
    38. ABOUDI, S. - POTTER, M. Yemen's Houthi group says fires missile toward Abu Dhabi nuclear reactor. Reuters [online]. 2017. [cit. 2018-02-19]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/mggEcj
    39. Rockets from Lebanon hit Israel. BBC [online]. 8. 1. 2008. [2018-12-29]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/vpi1Jk
    40. Není rozlišováno mezi psychologickou válkou a psychologickou operací.
    41. GALULA, D. Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. London: Praeger Security International, 2006 (1964), s. 9, ISBN 0-275-99269-1.
    42. CURTIS, R. A. Mass Media Influence on Society [online]. 2012. [2018-02-22]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/hWvAWi
    43. DEARDEN, L. Hamas "tank" dismissed as harmless "parade float" after wheels seen under structure driven through Gaza City. Independent [online]. 2016. [cit. 7. 3. 2018]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/9TBQw9
    44. 240 mm Fajr-3. MilitaryEdge.org [online]. (bez datace) [cit. 2017-02-17]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/jqKdo7
    45. EISENSTADT, M. The Middle East Missile Environment. AFPC Defense Dossier [online]. Washington, 2013, č. 6, s. 9. [cit. 2018-02-16]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/7FE1zo
    46. TICHÝ, L. Energetika jako strategický nástroj hnutí Hizballáh v konfrontaci s Izraelem. Vojenské rozhledy [online]. 2017, s. 14-30. [cit. 2017-02-03]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/9Vyjhj
    47. ASSOCIATED PRESS. UAE denies claim of Yemen missile attack against its plant. New York Post [online]. 2017, New York City. [cit. 2018-02-17]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/rC3fDg
    48. UDASIN, S. Israeli ammonia tank threatened by Hezbollah ordered emptied by July 31. The Jerusalem Post [online]. 2017. [cit. 2017-02-18]. Dostupné z: http://goo.gl/mFHn1H
    49. LIEBER, D. - FULBRIGHT, A. Hezbollah chief threatens Israel's Dimona nuclear reactor. The Times of Israel [online]. 2017. [cit. 2018-02-18]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/a2F6m7
    50. GORDON, L. S. The Vulture and The Snake Counter-Guerrilla Air Warfare: The War in Southern Lebanon. Mideast Security and Policy Studies [online]. 1998, č. 39 [cit. 2018-02-11]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/kLFnrk
    51. CUSHMAN, H. J. Iraqi Missile Attacks on Iran: A New Twist to the Old War. The New York Times [online]. Washington, 1988. [cit. 2018-02-03]. Dostupné z: https://goo.gl/hib2sn
    52. BROŽ, I. Husajn Kontra Chomejní: Irácko-íránská válka 1980-1988. Praha: Nakladatelství Epocha, 2007, s 272-274. ISBN 978-80-87027-12-7.

    Return to the content