Vojenské rozhledy / Czech Military Review Nr. 2/2009: 52-69
Theoretical and Sociocultural Context of Suicide Attacks: The Proliferation of Martyr SubcultureInformational pages
Suicide bombing represents a low-cost, low-tech weapon that is readily available, requires little training, leaves little forensic trace, and strikes fear into the general population. Almost exclusively, suicide bombers emanate from distinct ethnicities and religions; furthermore, recent history indicates that they come from the Arab/Muslim or East Asian cultures. As important as the suicide bombers are the activists and sympathizers who offer them support and comfort. These activists may recoil from committing acts of violence themselves but may sympathize with those who do, and offer moral and material support. This article explores the psychosocial aspects and methods of suicide bombers in general, but with particular focus on those operating in Palestine, Moscow (Chechen guerrillas, 2002), Singar (Iraq 2007).
Keywords: security threats,terrorism,suicide attacks
Published: June 15, 2009 Show citation
References
- SCHWEITZER, Yoram. Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics, ICT, Herzliya, Israel 21. 2., 2000 [přednáška na mezinárodní konferenci Countering Suicide Terrorism].
- SCHWEITZER, Yoram. Suicide Bombings: The Ultimate Weapon?, ICT, Herzliya, duben 2000, Israel, in: http://www.ict.org.il/.
- AKHMEDOVA Khapta, SPECKHARD, Anne. A Multi-Causal Analysis of the Genesis of Suicide Terrorism: The Chechen Case, in Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorism, Jeff Victoroff ed., 2006, pozn. 9, str. 4
- Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists, in Female Suicide Terrorists, Yoram Schweitzer ed., Tel Aviv, Israel: Jaffe Center Publication, 2006, pozn. 1, str.15.
- RICOLFI Luca, CAMPANA Paolo. Suicide missions in the Palestinian area: a new database. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, 2004.
- RICOLFI L., CAMPANA P., tamtéž.
- Miyasato, Merle. Suicide Bombers: Profiles, Methods and Techniques. Storming Media, Pentagon Reports, http://www.stormingmedia.us/authors/Miyasato__Merle.html
- MOGHADAM, Assaf. Suicide Bombings in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Conceptual Framework. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26.2 (March/April 2003)
- AKHMEDOVA Khapta, SPECKHARD, Anne. A Multi-Causal Analysis of the Genesis of Suicide Terrorism: The Chechen Case; Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorism, Jeff Victoroff ed., NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorism", Castelvecchio Pascoli, Itálie, 2005.
- HAFEZ, Mohammed M. Rationality, Culture, and Structure in the Making of Suicide Bombers: A Preliminary Theoretical Synthesis and Illustrative Case Study. In Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29:165-185, 2006.
- MOGHADAM, Assaf. Suicide Bombings in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Conceptual Framework. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26.2 (March/April 2003): s. 65-92.
- FELTER Joseph, FISHMAN B. Al Qa'ida's Foreign Fighters in Iraq: A First Look at the Sinjar Records, Combating Terrorism Center. Department of Social Sciences, US Military Academy, West Point, New York, 2007.
- CAULCUTT C., TEHINI, Lynn. Alleged al Qaeda directory online, 25. 1. 2008, http://www.france24.com/france24Public/en/news/middle-east/20080125-Alleged-al-qaeda-directory-online.html.
- VICTOROFF, Jeff. The Mind of Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 49, No. 1, February 2005 3-42.
- WATTS, C. Beyond Iraq and Afghanistan: What Foreign Fighter Data Reveals About the Future of Terrorism. Small Wars Journal, 17 April, 2008, WJ Online Magazine Addition, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/04/17-april-swj-online-magazine-a/; http://www.pjsage.com/aboutus.htm.
- ATRAN, Scott. Mishandling Suicide Terrorism. In The Washington Quarterly, 27:3 pp. 67-90, The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- KRUEGER, Alan B., MALEČKOVÁ, Jitka, Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 17, No 4, 2003, s.119-144.
- PEDAHZUR, Ami; PERLIGER, Arie. The changing nature of suicide attacks: a social network perspective. Social Forces, June 1, 2006, University of North Carolina Press, ISSN 0037-7732.
- ATRAN, Scott. Mishandling SuicideTerrorism. The Washington Quarterly. 27:3 pp. 67-90, The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, str. 77; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Atran.
- "Nic neučiní podmínky existence méně snesitelnými, než vědomí, že žádné naše úsilí je nemůže změnit; a i kdybychom třeba nikdy nenašli duchovní sílu k nezbytné oběti, vědomí, že bychom mohli uniknout, jen kdybychom za tím dost tvrdě šli, činí jinak nesnesitelné postavení snesitelným." (F. A. Hayek, Cesta do otroctví, s. 82).
- DANICS, Š., TUČEK L. Opravdu rozumíme současné epidemii sebevražedných teroristických útoků? Vojenské rozhledy 2/2008.
- WENZLAFF Karsten. The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999; WENZLAFF Karsten. Terrorism: game theory and other explanations, http://www.karsten-wenzlaff.de/wp-content/uploads/2006/10/wenzlaff-game-theory-and-terrorism.pdf.
- HAFEZ, Mohammed M. Rationality, Culture, and Structure in the Making of Suicide Bombers: A Preliminary Theoretical Synthesis and Illustrative Case Study. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29:165-185, 2006.
- WELLS III, L., HOROWITZ, B. A Methodology for the Ranking of Suicide Bomber Recruitment Preferences Using Multiple Sources of Data. University of Virginia, https://analysis.mitre.org/.
- WELLS III, L., HOROWITZ, B., tamtéž.
- HAFEZ, Mohammed M., c.d., str. 170.
- SPECKHARD, Anne. Understanding Suicide Terrorism: Countering Human Bombs and Their Senders. In Topics in Terrorism: Toward a Transatlantic Consensus on the Nature of the Threat (Volume I), eds. Jason S. Purcell and Joshua D., Weintraub Atlantic Council Publication, 2005.
- DEVJI, Faisal. Al-Qaeda, Specter of Globalization. In The Contexts of Religion and Violence, Journal of Religion and Society, Supplement Series 2 2007, str. 103-109, The Kripke Center, Creighton University.
- ALVANOU, Maria: The "Martyr" as a hero and youth model: The Palestinian example. In www.rieas.gr - Research Institute for European and American Studies (RIEAS), Řecko.
- BLOOM, Mia. Dying to Kill: Mia Bloom, Dying to Kill. Paper for Presentation to the Harrington Workshop on Terroris, University of Texas at Austin, May 12-13, 2005; http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aunews/archive/sept/Articles/MiaBloomArticle.pdf.
- PALAZZI, Abdul Hadi. Orthodox Islamic Perceptions of Jihad and Martyrdom. In Countering Suicide Terrorism. The International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, The Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Izrael, 2000.
- SPECKHARD, Anne. Sacred Terror: Insights into the Psychology of Religiously Motivated Terrorism in Radicalism; Christianity, Islam and Judaism between Constructive Activism and Destructive Fanaticism USCIA, Antwerp Belgium (2006); http://www.annespeckhard.com/articles.html.
- GINGES, Jeremy. Devotion to God or to the Collective? Understanding the relationship between religion and popular support for suicide bombing. Institut for social research, University of Michigan, USA, bez vročení, http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/roots/religion.pdf.
- SPECKHARD, Anne. Suicide Terrorism - Genesis of- In G. Fink (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Stress. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., 2006.
- HOURANI, Albert. Islam in European Thought. The Tanner lectures on human values, Cambridge University, 1989.
- Al-AKITI, Muhammad Afifi. Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians. Living Islam, 2005, http://www.livingislam.org/maa/dcmm_e.html.
- ROY, Olivier. Born again to kill, 8.4. 2005, in http://www.signandsight.com.
- BROWNE Anthony, WATSON Rory. The girl who went from baker's assistant to Baghdad bomber. In Times Online, 2. 12. 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk.
- STOWASSER, Barbara Freyer. The End is Near: Minor and Major Signs of the Hour. In Islamic Texts and Contexts. Georgetown University, 2002; A Time to Reap: Thoughts on Calendars and Millennialism, an exploration of how Islam, Christianity, and Judaism have historically treated periods of apocalyptic imminence, CCAS, Georgetown University, 2000.
- SPECKHARD, Anne. Sacred Terror: Insights into the Psychology of Religiously Motivated Terrorism in Radicalism; Christianity, Islam and Judaism between Constructive Activism and Destructive Fanaticism. Antwerp, Belgium: USCIA, 2006.
- LAUGHLIN, Fabienne A. Islamic Fundamentalist Ideology, Martyrdom Operations and Their Apocalyptic Imagery. May 14, 2003, http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/terrorism/ApocSuicide.pdf.
- The Islamic Ruling on the Permissibility of Martyrdom Operations, http://www.cdfe.org/.
- GREGOR Jan, PÁNA Lubomír, Zajištění národní bezpečnosti v současném světě. In Bezpečnosť krajín V4 v rozšírenom priestore NATO. Skalica: Středoevropská vysoká škola ve Skalici, 2008, str. 138-142.


